Lesión dermatológica en zona de tatuaje / Dermatological lesion in tattoo area

Los tatuajes representan una situación in vivo única en la que una gran cantidad de sales metálicas y tintes orgánicos permanecen en la piel durante toda la vida. Como resultado de un mayor número de tatuajes realizados, la incidencia de complicaciones cutáneas asociadas a los tatuajes ha aumentado también. En los últimos 30 años se ha evidenciado un aumento de reportes de tumores cutáneos en los tatuajes; sin embargo, muchos autores siguen considerándolo un evento fortuito. Los posibles efectos cancerígenos locales de los tatuajes siguen sin estar claros. Se cree que este efecto podría ser multifactorial y que combina traumatismo de la aguja, inflamación local crónica, factores externos como la exposición a los rayos ultravioleta (UV) y un posible efecto pro-cancerígeno de las tintas. Se necesitan estudios epidemiológicos y clínicos a gran escala para demostrar esta asociación. Se presenta un caso de un hombre de 40 años, conocido sano, quien 2 meses después de tatuarse el hombro derecho, desarrolla una lesión con características clínicas de un queratoacantoma y a quien se le realiza el diagnostico histológico de un carcinoma espinocelular bien diferenciado e invasor.

Tattoos represent a unique in vivo situation where many metallic salts and organic dyes remain on the skin for a lifetime. As a result of a greater number of tattoos performed, the incidence of skin complications associated with tattoos has increased. In addition, in the last 30 years, there has been an increment in reports of skin tumors within tattoos; however, many authors continue to consider it is a coincidental event. The possible local carcinogenic effects of tattoos remain unclear. It is believed that this effect could be multifactorial, combining needle trauma, chronic local inflammation, external factors such as an ultraviolet rays (UV) exposure and a possible pro-cancer effect of the inks. Large-scale epidemiological and clinical studies are needed to demonstrate this association. A case of a known healthy 40-year-old male is presented, in whom 2 months after a tattoo was performed on his right shoulder, he developed a lesion with clinical characteristics of a keratoacanthoma in which the histological diagnosis of a well differentiated and invasive squamous cell carcinoma was made.

Avaliação Clínico-epidemiológica de Pacientes com Carcinoma de Células Escamosas Oral / Epidemiological and Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma / Evaluación Epidemiológica y Clínica de Pacientes con Carcinoma Oral de Células Escamosas

Introdução: O câncer bucal corresponde a cerca de 30% de todos os tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Aproximadamente 90% dessas neoplasias malignas são carcinomas espinocelulares (CEC) e cerca de 15 mil casos novos são estimados a cada ano no Brasil. Objetivo: Avaliar os aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de pacientes com CEC oral. Método: Estudo observacional, com delineamento transversal, quantitativo e retrospectivo, a partir da análise de prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico de CEC bucal atendidos em um centro de referência em Oncologia da Região Nordeste do Brasil. Variáveis clínicas e epidemiológicas foram coletadas e analisadas. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o teste de qui-quadrado (p≤0,05). Resultados: Entre os 298 prontuários avaliados, predominaram pacientes do sexo masculino (75,2%), com idade média de 60,4 anos, tabagistas e etilistas (62,0%). A queixa mais frequente foi a presença de ferida ou lesão na boca (61,1%), e o local mais comum foi a língua (62,1%). As variáveis clínicas revelaram estadiamento clínico avançado (III ou IV) em 76,4% dos pacientes. Entre os pacientes com idade até 50 anos, houve maior concentração de homens (p=0,015) e maior consumo de álcool do que entre os pacientes acima dos 50 anos (p=0,010). As demais variáveis não exibiram diferença estatística significante entre os grupos. Conclusão: As características clínico-epidemiológicas relacionadas ao CEC bucal devem ser consideradas para o planejamento de políticas públicas, a fim de prevenir novos casos e permitir a realização de diagnóstico precoce

Introduction: Oral cancer corresponds to about 30% of all head and neck tumors. Approximately 90% of these malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and about 15 thousand new cases are estimated each year in Brazil. Objective: Evaluate the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with oral SCC. Method: Observational cross-sectional, quantitative and retrospective design study, based on the analysis of medical records of patients with histopathological diagnosis of oral SCC treated at a reference center in oncology in Brazil's Northeast. Clinical and epidemiological variables were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test (p≤0.05). Results: Among the 298 medical records evaluated, male patients predominated (75.2%), with an average age of 60.4 years, smokers and alcoholics (62.0%). The most reported complaint was the presence of a wound or injury in the mouth (61.1%) and the most common location was the tongue (62.1%). Clinical variables revealed advanced clinical staging (III or IV) in 76.4% of patients. Among patients aged up to 50 years, there was high concentration of men (p=0.015) and greater use of alcohol than among patients over 50 years (p=0.010). The other variables did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: The clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to oral SCC should be considered when planning public policies, in order to prevent new cases as well as to allow for early diagnosis

Introducción: El cáncer oral corresponde a aproximadamente 30% de todos los tumores de cabeza y cuello. Aproximadamente 90% de estos tumores malignos son carcinomas de células escamosas (CCE) y se estiman alrededor de 15 mil casos nuevos cada año en Brasil. Objetivo: Evaluar los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los pacientes con CCE oral. Método: Estudio observacional, con diseño transversal, cuantitativo y retrospectivo, basado en el análisis de historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de CCE oral tratados en un centro de referencia en Oncología del Noreste de Brasil. Se recogieron y analizaron variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado (p≤0,05). Resultados: Entre las 298 historias clínicas evaluadas, predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (75,2%), con una edad promedio de 60,4 años, fumadores y alcohólicos (62,0%). La queja más frecuente fue la presencia de herida o lesión en la boca (61,1%) y la ubicación más común fue la lengua (62,1%). Las variables clínicas revelaron estadificación clínica avanzada (III o IV) en 76,4% de los pacientes. Entre los pacientes de hasta 50 años, hubo una mayor concentración de hombres (p=0,015) y un mayor consumo de alcohol que entre los pacientes mayores de 50 años (p=0,010). Las otras variables no mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos. Conclusión: Las características clínicas y epidemiológicas relacionadas con el CCE oral deben considerarse al planificar las políticas públicas, a fin de prevenir nuevos casos y permitir un diagnóstico precoz

Carcinoma de células escamosas de la lengua / Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

Las neoplasias de la lengua son los tumores más comunes de la cavidad bucal y la mayoría pertenecen a carcinomas de células escamosas. Presentamos dos casos de carcinomas de la lengua, correspondientes a un carcinoma escamoso moderadamente diferenciado y un carcinoma verrugoso, en mujeres de mediana edad con factores de riesgo oncogénicos. Estos tumores pueden tener diversos grados de diferenciación, los cuales determinan su pronóstico y tratamiento.

Tongue neoplasms are the most common in the oral cavity, and the majority correspond to squamous cell carcinomas. We present two cases of tongue carcinomas, corresponding to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma, in middle-aged women with oncogenic risk factors.These tumors can have various degrees of differentiation, which determine their prognosis and treatment.

Tinción con azul de toluidina en biopsia dirigida de lesiones displásicas de la mucosa bucal: informe de casos clínicos / Toluidine blue guided biopsy of dysplastic lesions of the oral mucosa: clinical cases report

Objetivo: Los desórdenes de mucosa bucal potencialmente malignos pueden presentar áreas displásicas. En estos casos, la biopsia es un procedimiento imprescindible para un correcto diagnóstico. La inspección visual y la palpación, como método de selección del área de biopsia, ofrecen sensibilidad y especificidad adecuadas pero mejorables. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una serie de casos clínicos en los que se describen el empleo y la interpretación de la tinción vital con azul de toluidina como método complementario para contribuir a una mejor elección del área de biopsia. Casos clínicos: Se trata de siete casos de lesiones con sospecha de displasia epitelial en mucosa bucal. En cada uno se detalla la correlación de las áreas teñidas con las manifestaciones clínicas y con el diagnóstico de displasia. Además, se muestran patrones de tinción considerados falsos positivos. En la interpretación de la tinción positiva, se tuvieron en cuenta el aspecto superficial y el color de la lesión teñida. El empleo combinado de inspección, palpación y tinción vital podría constituir un procedimiento integral de utilidad para obtener mayor precisión en la determinación del sitio de biopsia en comparación con los mismos procedimientos aplicados de manera individual. En la interpretación de la tinción positiva con azul de toluidina deberían considerarse el aspecto superficial y el color de la lesión teñida (AU)

Aim: Potentially Malignant Disorders in the oral cavity can present dysplastic areas. In these cases, the biopsy is an essential procedure for a correct diagnosis. Visual inspection and palpation, are adequate methods to select the area for the biopsy, however there is margin for improvement. The objective of this article is to present a series of clinical cases in which the use and interpretation of vital staining with Toluidine Blue is described as a complementary method to contribute to a better choice of the biopsy area. Clinical cases: Seven clinical cases that presented lesions with suspected epithelial dysplasia in the oral mucosa were presented. The correlation of the stained areas with the clinical manifestations and with the diagnosis of dysplasia is detailed in each case. Staining patterns considered false positives are also shown. In the interpretation of the positive staining, the superficial appearance and color of the stained lesion were considered. The combined use of inspection, palpation and vital staining could constitute a useful comprehensive procedure to obtain greater precision in determining the biopsy site in relation to the same procedures applied individually. In the interpretation of the positive staining with Toluidine Blue, the superficial appearance and color of the stained lesion should be considered (AU)

Glycolytic pathway candidate markers in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Molecular changes that affect mitochondrial glycolysis have been associated with the maintenance of tumor cells. Some metabolic factors have already been described as predictors of disease severity and outcomes. This systematic review was conducted to answer the question: Is the glycolytic pathway correlated with the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)? A search strategy was developed to retrieve studies in English from PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science using keywords related to squamous cell carcinoma, survival, and glycolytic pathway, with no restriction of publication date. The search retrieved 1273 publications. After the titles and abstracts were analyzed, 27 studies met inclusion criteria. Studies were divided into groups according to two subtopics, glycolytic pathways and diagnosis, which describe the glycolytic profile of OSCC tumors. Several components of tumor energy metabolism found in this review are important predictors of survival of patients with OSCC.

EBV-negative lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma of the lower lip

Lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma (LEC) is a rare malignant neoplasm, which can be associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Histologically, LEC is an undifferentiated carcinoma with an intermixed reactive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. LEC appears to be an uncommon tumor type of lip carcinoma. An 82-year-old white woman presented a lesion on her lower lip that developed over the last year. The lesion was characterized by ulceration with flat edges, hardened base, painful, and absence of regional lymphadenopathy. Microscopical analysis evidenced an intense inflammatory infiltrate, composed of lymphoplasmacytic cells, associated with scarce pleomorphic epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry highlighted the LEC cells with strong expression of pan-CK AE1/AE3, EMA, p63, and p53. CD138 was also faintly positive. Ki-67 was >85%. In situ hybridization analysis did not show evidence of EBV. A diagnostic of EBV-negative LEC was made. We present an uncommon type of lip carcinoma, which can represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists.

Oral lesions detected during a population screening for prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders / Lesões orais detectadas durante uma triagem populacional para prevenção e diagnóstico precoce de câncer de boca e lesões potencialmente maligniziveis

Objective: In this paper, we describe the results of an oral cancer prevention campaign for early detecting and diagnosing oral cancer and potentially malignant disorder. Subjects and method: The population screening was performed in one day in which population was recruited by local mass media communication means. Patients with suspicious lesions were referred for final diagnosis with a specialist in oral medicine and pathology. Results: Of 1.282 patients screened, 104 were referred for specialized care and 94 attended for final diagnosis. Of those, only one (1.06%) patient was diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 25 (26.5%) with oral potentially malignant disorders, while the diagnosis rates for benign conditions and normality variations were, respectively, 78.7% and 32.9%. Conclusion: These results suggest low awareness regarding oral cancer within this population, flaws in the knowledge regarding oral cancer by dentists, and the need for improvements in the access to the at-risk population for oral cancer.(AU)

Objetivo: neste artigo, descrevemos os resultados de uma campanha de prevenção do câncer de boca para detectar e diagnosticar precocemente câncer de boca e lesões bucais potencialmente maligniziveis. Sujeitos e método: uma triagem populacional foi realizada em um dia em que a população foi recrutada por meios de comunicação de mídia local. Pacientes com lesões suspeitas foram encaminhados para diagnóstico final com especialista em Estomatologia e Patologia Bucal. Resultados: dos 1.282 pacientes selecionados, 104 foram encaminhados para atendimento especializado e 94 atendidos para diagnóstico final. Desses, apenas um (1,06%) paciente foi diagnosticado com carcinoma espinocelular de boca e 25 (26,5%) com lesões bucais potencialmente maligniziveis, enquanto as taxas de diagnóstico para condições benignas e variações de normalidade foram, respectivamente, 78,7% e 32,9%. Conclusão: esses resultados sugerem baixa conscientização sobre o câncer bucal nessa população, falta conhecimento sobre o câncer bucal por dentistas e a necessidade de melhorias no acesso à população em risco de câncer bucal.(AU)